Autobiographical elements in " The Waste Land " by T. S. Eliot

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 9    ( The Modernist Literature )

Sem :- 3

Roll no:- 15

Topic :- Autobiographical elements in " The Waste                     Land "

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Enrollment no :- PG13101037

One of the twentieth century’s major poets  “ Thomas Stearns Eliot “ was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and also social critic. He was born in St. Louis , Missouri to an old Yankee family. He lived in St. Louis during the first 18 years of his life and attended Harvard University.

1910 , He left the United States for the Sorbonne, having earned both undergraduate and masters degrees and having contributed several poems to the Harvard Advocate. In 1914 he married Vivienne Haigh – Wood and began working in London, first as a teacher and later for Lloyd’s Bank.

T. S. Eliot , transmuted his affinity for the English metaphysical poets of the 17^th century ( mostly notably John Donne ) and the 19^th century French symbolic poets  into radical innovations in poetic technique and subject matter. His poems in many respects during of the Victorian era.

His poem “ The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock “ – 1915,which is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement.

INTRODUCTION OF THE WASTE LAND :-

“ The Waste Land “ by T.S. Eliot is called one of the most important poems of the 20^th century. It is a type of modernist poetry. The waste land is published in 1922 with 434 lines. First of all the poem appeared in United Kingdom. Then it published in a book form in 1922, December. The waste land is mingled of many languages. Here one mantra of Sanskrit language – “ Shantih  Shantih “ shown in that poem.

The waste land is a set of five poems taken together. Mythical method is basic of this epic. Poem follows the myth of the “ Holy Grail “ and the “ Fisher King “. After that Eliot also employs many literary and cultural allusions from the –

Buddhism , Hindu Upanishads and Western Canon.

According to literary and cultural allusions, poem changes time , location and speakers. There are satire , death , rebirth, ghost , war ,sex and also many things are together.

The Waste Land is divided into five parts:

These five parts of the poem are puzzling more with their different ideas, meanings, metaphors, references and also allusions. There is full and long descriptions of each part. The text of the poem is followed by several pages of notes and different messages and meanings.

The  poem originally contained almost twice as much material as the final published version. Due to Ezra Pound’s suggestion of changes although Eliot removed large sections. The Waste Land is much connected with Eliot’s personal life.

Autobiographical Elements In The Waste Land :- 

The first part : " The Burial Of The Dead " means - fertility God, burial service by Anglican Christian Church. 

In this part the opening lines are meditations Tiresias - representing Human being. 

April is the cruellest month, breeding

Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing

Memory and desire, stirring

Dull roots with spring rain.

This part is connected with Eliot's early life when he was not physically well. He is struggling from a congenital double inguinal hernia, so that Eliot could not participated in many physical activities and he was prevented from interacting socially with his peers.

Second part " A Game Of Chess " is from Middleton's play women beware women- related with sexual values - sex becomes the matter of intrigue and seduction - cause of spiritual death and dissolution. 

The Chair she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Glowed on the marble, where the glass
Held up by standards wrought with fruited vines

This part is connected with Eliot's marriage life with Vivienne. He married with Vivienne Heigh Wood in 1915. But their marriage became fail because of Vivienne's health issue and also her lack of affection from her husband.

The river’s tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf
Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind
Crosses the brown land, unheard. The nymphs are departed.

" The Fire Sermon " is about Buddha's sermon and sermon on the Mount. There is also description of fire of " Lust " and " Desire ". Our good inner ideas are burning because of lust.

Water traditional element of  purification and regeneration but in the waste land it is a matter of death and lost become a source of destruction.

A current under sea	315
Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell
He passed the stages of his age and youth
Entering the whirlpool.

Death By Water is based on Eliot's friendship with Jean Verdenal , was killed in 1915 in the war, in Paris.

After the torch-light red on sweaty faces
After the frosty silence in the gardens
After the agony in stony places
The shouting and the crying

Here Thunder means - Akashwani in Upanishad Prajapati spoke in Thunder, to devotees are pointed out of the way of a salvation.  

• Here main matter is about depersonalization , is shown by Eliot. which is "  “a continual surrender of himself as he is at the moment to something which is more valuable. The progress of an artist is a continual self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality.”

• Here Eliot expresses his emotions , experiences and feelings though the poem The Waste Land. But it is not his personality.

• Eliot was born in Eliot Brahmin family in Boston with roots in England. Eliot grew up in two contrast culture as his father was successful businessman and his grandfather  established a Unitarian Church to St. Louis.

• Eliot got knowledge of philosophy from philosopher Henri Bergson in France.

• Eliot became a victim of jealousy and tolerance because of his unsuccessful marriage with Vivienne.

• Literature was an essential part of Eliot's childhood and surrounding atmosphere of him beside the big river in St. Louis.
• When he was in his sixties he wrote a private latter to Vivienne as he was in love with her and stayed in England only because of her. Marriage with Vivienne brought no happiness but the mindset of Eliot produced " The Waste Land ".

• Eliot's personal emotions and feelings drawn many images in front of  a world. It is unmasks the man behind.

“Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality”.

CONCLUSION :- 

" Eliot's love dies ,

The Waste Land develops . "

These lines shows, moral and ideas of poem The waste land. Eliot expresses his feelings through this poem. It is also shows us that how poet surrendered his life in the process of creation.

Thank you.

Grammar current and future trends

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 12 ( English Language Teaching )

Sem :- 3

Roll no:- 15

Topic :- Current and future trends of Grammar

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Enrollment no :- PG13101037


WHAT IS GRAMMAR ?


   

The word 

is from Greek , which means " Art of letters ". As we can say that also beautiness of word called 

The first systemic grammars originated in Iron Age India with Ya ska ( 6th century BC ) , Panini ( 4th Century BC )and his commentators Pingala ( C.200 BC ), Katyayana and Patanjali  ( 2nd century BC ).

" Grammar is its infinite power .

To shift the structure of a

sentence alters the meaning

of that sentence . "

In the language  is one type of structure of our ability to express our ideas and ourselves. With the help of Grammar we can find meanings of words , arrange them in proper structure it designed them in proper order. We can understand the language very well. It can help faster precision . detect ambiguity and exploit the richness of expression available in English.

In linguistics , grammar is composition of phrases, clauses and also many other things. The term refers also to the study of such rules and also includes morphology , syntax and phonology.The definition of Grammar is divided into ten parts :-

In ELT there are two types of  grammar.

1. FORMAL GRAMMAR :-

It is starting base of grammar. It takes as heir starting point the form or structure of language, with little or no attention given to meaning or context and language use. Main central aim of formal grammars is to explain syntax without recourse to pragmatics.

2. FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR :-

Functional grammar is very different from formal grammar. It starts from a very different position. Formal grammar is accept the challenge to explain how the sentence is. Functional grammar is more interested in explaining the differences in use between two sentences.

Example : 

Formal :  She broke the glass

Functional : The glass was broken by her.

WHY DOES GRAMMAR MATTER ? :-

  matters not only for how it transfers

power but for its intrinsic beauty and qualities "

•  Grammar is so important for writing and speaking skills.
•  Grammar is a part of literature and also important for communication.
•  It is important to use your words properly in order to get your point across effectively and  while practicing good basic grammar can also improve your skills.
•  Grammar is very helpful in every field like , school . collages , job and in public matter also.  
•  Grammar is bounded many things like verb , adjective , adverb, speeches, phrases, clauses , prepositions, conjunctions etc........ 

"  If you can't win an argument , correct their grammar instead. "

CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS :-

HOW TO TEACH GRAMMAR ? :-

There are many various systems in grammar learning and teaching. The question is how to teach grammar with technology ? Grammar is connected by many basic things like :- 

Sentence structure ,

Terms of grammar ,

Grammar peeves ,

Effective writing etc... etc...

SENTENCE STRUCTURE :-

Sentence structure is shows the power of grammar and its depend on many things like adjective , verb , noun. adverb , phrases etc...... The sentence structure should be complex or single.

Examples :-

  PUNCTUATION :-  

"  Correct punctuation can save a person's life."

EFFECTIVE WRITING :- 

PEEVE :- 

ACTIVITIES :- 

Activities and practice base tasks make students punctual in grammar and also in language. With the help of different activities we should teach and learn grammar easily. 

" Good grammar is like personal hygiene ,

 you can ignore it if you want ,

but don't be surprised when people 

draw their conclusions. "

There are many activities regarding  grammar :-

Examples :-

CONCLUSION  :-

This way grammar is a main door of the English language. From different activities and ideas of improving grammar , learners should improve their knowledge from grammar.

 is very useful for current and future trends. 

THANK YOU... 

  

Salman Rushdie as an Essayist - Imaginary Homelands

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 11 ( The Post colonial Literature )

Sem :- 3

Roll no:- 15

Topic :- Salman Rushdie as an essayist. 

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Sir Salman Rushdie is a British novelist and essayist. He won the Booker Prize in 1981 for his second novel – “ Midnight’s children” (1981). Salma Rushdie’s much of fiction is set on the Indian Subcontinent. He was born in Bombay, the son of Anis Ahmad Rushdie who studied in university of Cambridge educated lawyer than turned businessman . They are from Muslim  family of Kashmir descent.  Following partition of British India , his family later migrated to Karachi, Pakistan.Salman Rushdie’s name “ Rushdie “ is adopted by his father from in honor of  “Averroes”. He has three sisters. He was educated at Cathedral and John Cannon school in Mumbai, then in Warwickshire and finally King’s Collage , University of Cambridge. He got knowledge of history at University of Cambridge.As a basic of career, Rushdie was a copywriter. Then he wrote his first novel – “Grimus” in 1975, which is a part science fiction. It ignored by the public and literary critics. Then his next novel “ Midnight’s Children” wrote in 1981 catapulted him to literary notability.Rushdie also published many books, short stories and essay also. In 2012 Rushdie became one of the first major authors to embrace book track, when he published his short story “ In the south “ on the platform. Rushdie is also successful writer of novels but he says that he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. From his childhood he liked to appear in Hollywood movies. Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings.

INTRODUCTION OF “ IMAGINARY HOMELANDS “ :-

 “Sometimes we feel we straddle two cultures; at other times, that we fall between two stools.”
-         Salman Rushdie , Imaginary Homelands

 Imaginary Homelands is a collection of Salman Rushdie’s essays. These essays also a different collection of various articles, seminar papers, reviews published over a decade of his literary lifetime during 1981-1991.Imaginary Homelands is incisive, intellectual, probing, eloquent and lively. From this essay one can take issue with its wide scope. Salman Rushdie selects different subjects like political, social, and literary topics in this essay with various deals and critical approaches. After reading this book, the reaction to such book can only be personal and subjective and it is not a story that can be discussed with some degree of detachment. Imaginary Homelands is a personal conversation by Rushdie. From his writing we can see a power of Rushdie over media and he is that kind of a writer.Every reader has different view about this book. It is depend on our individual mindset. Rushdie’s literary style is full of innovation because of being a migrant and an author. It’s base on reality and Rushdie feels a kinship with the writers who writes their books with fantasy and reality.

IMAGINARY HOMELANDS:-

In the first essay – Imaginary Homelands, there is a description about “past” and “present” memories of Salman Rushdie. As per his writing, the part of Imaginary Homelands starts from a memory of an old photograph. He said that, “ the past is a foreign country but the photograph tells me to invert this idea, it reminds me that it’s my present that is foreign, and the past is home- a lost city “ Bombay “.Salman Rushdie shows his experiences about Bombay where he was born. Now he revisited there and when he saw and opened the telephone dictionary he found his father’s name and address as per past before migration. Then salman said about his perspective of “ My India “. He said that, my India may only have been one to which I was, let us say, willing to admit I belonged. Rushdie found himself in his past during that time- clothes of people ,old film songs like :

“ Mera joota hai JapaniYe patloon InglistaniSir pe lal topi RusiPhir bhi dil hai Hindustani………

After giving an example of India, some point about “ In Midnight’s children” , Rushdie said that-

“ The illusion itself is reality “

The movement towards the cinema screen is a metaphorfor the narrative’s movement through time towards the present, and the book itself, as it nears contemporary events, quite deliberately loses deep perspective, becomes more “ Partial”.This essay ends with the last point of question about Indian and Indian Writers. Rushdie asked that –What does it mean to be “ Indian “ outside India ?He said a little about the relationship between the Indian writer and the majority of white culture in whose with he lives. Rushdie also said that-“ The struggle of man against power”- After giving an example of Mrs. Gandhi in a BBC interviews. He said tha literature can, and must give the lie to official facts.Rushdie also said that literature is itself validating. Literature is not a business of copyrighting , it is imaginary work which can change world from one author’s  mind and real risks. There are many struggles in life but one author should take risk to prove his work in society.

COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE DOES NOT EXIT:-

In the second essay “ Commonwealth Literature Does Not Exit “ there is a matter of English studies are taken to include commonwealth literature. Rushdie also gave many examples of an importance and an ignorance of commonwealth literature.Commonwealth literature appears, it is that body of writing created. Now days commonwealth literature was sounding very unlikeable indeed. Not only was it a ghetto ,but it was actually an exclusive ghetto. Rushdie says that as now days commonwealth literature has a lack of interest by people, on another side English is by now the world language. It achieved this status partly as a result of the physical colonization of a quarter of the globe by the British.But in India English is not so important language even in schools, collages. The children of independent India seem not to think of English as a part of their communication in routine life style. They use their Indian languages as one of the tools they have to hand.Rushdie here says that critically , In India specially the capital , Delhi is located “ Hindi “ as a future national language but in South India which is at present suffering from the attempts of central government to impose this national language on it, the resentment of Hindi is far greater than English in India.Rushdie says that English is very important for every field and also in communication.  

 example 

Jyoti Basu said that “ My son won’t learn English so that we will send him abroad to learn English”. Why Indians have to send their children to abroad to learn English , why it’s not happen in India ?
Literature is an expression of nationality , Rushdie asked whether he is British or Indian ? The formulation Indian born British writer.

 THE NEW EMPIRE WITHIN BRITAIN :-

“ The New Empire Within Britain “ , this essay based on “ Power of British empire” on black people. Here Salman Rushdie shows his different experiences of white and black in Britain. He also gives information about real roots of Britain.He says that “ Britain isn’t Nazi Germany. The British Empire isn’t the Third Reich, but in Germany after the fall of Hitler heroic attempts were made by many people to purity German thought and the German language of the pollution of Nazism. The Britain is under going a critical pose of its past colonial period, and this crisis is not simply economics or political. It is a crisis of the whole culture , of the society’s entire sense of itself.Second thing is happens in there is the numbers of “ Immigration “. The main fact of white immigration as well as black , that the annual number of emigrants leaving these shores is now larger than the numbers of immigrates coming in and of the black communities over 40 percent are not immigrants but black Britons born and bred, speaking in the many voices and accents of Britain , and with no homeland but this one.Now Salman Rushdie widely describes the characteristics of “ New Empire “-In the streets of the New Empire, black women are abused and black children are beaten up their way home from school. In the running down housing estates of the New Empire, black communities have their windows broken and their are afraid to go outside after dark. Human and animal arrives from letter boxes. Even the police offer threats instead of protection and the court offer small hope of redress.Britain is divided by the color of person’s skin , white and black. Britain can judge the people as per their color of skin and it’s getting wider. But in the past for nine centuries any child born on British soil was British.

 HOBSON – JOBSON :

Hobson –Jobson is the short title of Hobson –Jobson : A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases and of kindred terms , etymological , a historical ,geographical dictionary of Anglo – Indian words and terms from Indian languages which came into use during the British rule of India.Hobson – Jobson is written by Henry Yule and Arthur C. Burnell . It published in 1886.

Examples :-

'chapati'  as 'chowpatty'

the Indian plant 'kawanch' became 'cowage';

the fish 'kapap' became 'cock-up';

'basi khana,' stale food or yesterday's dinner

warmed up, became 'brass-knocker';

 'bringal'--aubergine--became 'brown jolly' a

 'cholera morbus' in Anglo-Indian became 'Corporal Forbes.'

Hobson Jobson takes new words that English captured in India. An alphabetical sampling could read :

'amok,' 'ashram,' 'avatar,' 'bandanna,' 'bangle,' 'caddy,' 'calico,' 'candy,' 'cashmere,' 'cheetah,' 'coolie,' 'cowrie,' 'cushy,' 'dinghy,' 'doolally,' 'guru,' 'Himalayan,' 'juggernaut,' 'jungle,' 'karma,' 'khaki,' 'lilac,' 'mantra,' 'mongoose,' 'panda,' 'pariah,' 'purdah,' 'rattan,' 'sacred cow,' 'seersucker,' 'Sherpa,' 'Tantra,' 'thug,' 'yoga.'"

 ATTENBOROUGH’S GANDHI :-

Last essay of Salman Rushdie focuses on the view of “Attenborough’s Gandhi “- a film based on biography of Mahatma Karamchand Gandhi. This is the best film of 1983 in film industry.Salman Rushdie says God help the film industry after making this type of film. He critically shows his ideas on that film. He says that , why film is about only Gandhi ? why no Subhas Bose?Why no Tagore ? In the film there are many scenes of violence happened before 1947.In this essay Salman Rushdie says about the scene of Amritsar Massacre and the scene of killing Gandhi by Nathuram. He also says another fact of Gandhi’s “ Brahmacharya “.Nehru was not Gandhi’s disciple. They were equals and they argued fiercely in a matter of freedom movement. After all the things the form of the film, opulent, lavish , overpowers and finally crushes the man at its centre.

CONCLUSION :-

His way Salman Rushdie gives his critical ideas on different subject. From these subjects he has shown some facts of India, Britain and Gandhi also. He shows his power of critical analysis throughout  “ Imaginary Homelands “.

Thank You :----