Grammar current and future trends

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 12 ( English Language Teaching )

Sem :- 3

Roll no:- 15

Topic :- Current and future trends of Grammar

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Enrollment no :- PG13101037


WHAT IS GRAMMAR ?


   

The word 

is from Greek , which means " Art of letters ". As we can say that also beautiness of word called 

The first systemic grammars originated in Iron Age India with Ya ska ( 6th century BC ) , Panini ( 4th Century BC )and his commentators Pingala ( C.200 BC ), Katyayana and Patanjali  ( 2nd century BC ).

" Grammar is its infinite power .

To shift the structure of a

sentence alters the meaning

of that sentence . "

In the language  is one type of structure of our ability to express our ideas and ourselves. With the help of Grammar we can find meanings of words , arrange them in proper structure it designed them in proper order. We can understand the language very well. It can help faster precision . detect ambiguity and exploit the richness of expression available in English.

In linguistics , grammar is composition of phrases, clauses and also many other things. The term refers also to the study of such rules and also includes morphology , syntax and phonology.The definition of Grammar is divided into ten parts :-

In ELT there are two types of  grammar.

1. FORMAL GRAMMAR :-

It is starting base of grammar. It takes as heir starting point the form or structure of language, with little or no attention given to meaning or context and language use. Main central aim of formal grammars is to explain syntax without recourse to pragmatics.

2. FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR :-

Functional grammar is very different from formal grammar. It starts from a very different position. Formal grammar is accept the challenge to explain how the sentence is. Functional grammar is more interested in explaining the differences in use between two sentences.

Example : 

Formal :  She broke the glass

Functional : The glass was broken by her.

WHY DOES GRAMMAR MATTER ? :-

  matters not only for how it transfers

power but for its intrinsic beauty and qualities "

•  Grammar is so important for writing and speaking skills.
•  Grammar is a part of literature and also important for communication.
•  It is important to use your words properly in order to get your point across effectively and  while practicing good basic grammar can also improve your skills.
•  Grammar is very helpful in every field like , school . collages , job and in public matter also.  
•  Grammar is bounded many things like verb , adjective , adverb, speeches, phrases, clauses , prepositions, conjunctions etc........ 

"  If you can't win an argument , correct their grammar instead. "

CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS :-

HOW TO TEACH GRAMMAR ? :-

There are many various systems in grammar learning and teaching. The question is how to teach grammar with technology ? Grammar is connected by many basic things like :- 

Sentence structure ,

Terms of grammar ,

Grammar peeves ,

Effective writing etc... etc...

SENTENCE STRUCTURE :-

Sentence structure is shows the power of grammar and its depend on many things like adjective , verb , noun. adverb , phrases etc...... The sentence structure should be complex or single.

Examples :-

  PUNCTUATION :-  

"  Correct punctuation can save a person's life."

EFFECTIVE WRITING :- 

PEEVE :- 

ACTIVITIES :- 

Activities and practice base tasks make students punctual in grammar and also in language. With the help of different activities we should teach and learn grammar easily. 

" Good grammar is like personal hygiene ,

 you can ignore it if you want ,

but don't be surprised when people 

draw their conclusions. "

There are many activities regarding  grammar :-

Examples :-

CONCLUSION  :-

This way grammar is a main door of the English language. From different activities and ideas of improving grammar , learners should improve their knowledge from grammar.

 is very useful for current and future trends. 

THANK YOU... 

  

Salman Rushdie as an Essayist - Imaginary Homelands

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 11 ( The Post colonial Literature )

Sem :- 3

Roll no:- 15

Topic :- Salman Rushdie as an essayist. 

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Sir Salman Rushdie is a British novelist and essayist. He won the Booker Prize in 1981 for his second novel – “ Midnight’s children” (1981). Salma Rushdie’s much of fiction is set on the Indian Subcontinent. He was born in Bombay, the son of Anis Ahmad Rushdie who studied in university of Cambridge educated lawyer than turned businessman . They are from Muslim  family of Kashmir descent.  Following partition of British India , his family later migrated to Karachi, Pakistan.Salman Rushdie’s name “ Rushdie “ is adopted by his father from in honor of  “Averroes”. He has three sisters. He was educated at Cathedral and John Cannon school in Mumbai, then in Warwickshire and finally King’s Collage , University of Cambridge. He got knowledge of history at University of Cambridge.As a basic of career, Rushdie was a copywriter. Then he wrote his first novel – “Grimus” in 1975, which is a part science fiction. It ignored by the public and literary critics. Then his next novel “ Midnight’s Children” wrote in 1981 catapulted him to literary notability.Rushdie also published many books, short stories and essay also. In 2012 Rushdie became one of the first major authors to embrace book track, when he published his short story “ In the south “ on the platform. Rushdie is also successful writer of novels but he says that he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. From his childhood he liked to appear in Hollywood movies. Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings.

INTRODUCTION OF “ IMAGINARY HOMELANDS “ :-

 “Sometimes we feel we straddle two cultures; at other times, that we fall between two stools.”
-         Salman Rushdie , Imaginary Homelands

 Imaginary Homelands is a collection of Salman Rushdie’s essays. These essays also a different collection of various articles, seminar papers, reviews published over a decade of his literary lifetime during 1981-1991.Imaginary Homelands is incisive, intellectual, probing, eloquent and lively. From this essay one can take issue with its wide scope. Salman Rushdie selects different subjects like political, social, and literary topics in this essay with various deals and critical approaches. After reading this book, the reaction to such book can only be personal and subjective and it is not a story that can be discussed with some degree of detachment. Imaginary Homelands is a personal conversation by Rushdie. From his writing we can see a power of Rushdie over media and he is that kind of a writer.Every reader has different view about this book. It is depend on our individual mindset. Rushdie’s literary style is full of innovation because of being a migrant and an author. It’s base on reality and Rushdie feels a kinship with the writers who writes their books with fantasy and reality.

IMAGINARY HOMELANDS:-

In the first essay – Imaginary Homelands, there is a description about “past” and “present” memories of Salman Rushdie. As per his writing, the part of Imaginary Homelands starts from a memory of an old photograph. He said that, “ the past is a foreign country but the photograph tells me to invert this idea, it reminds me that it’s my present that is foreign, and the past is home- a lost city “ Bombay “.Salman Rushdie shows his experiences about Bombay where he was born. Now he revisited there and when he saw and opened the telephone dictionary he found his father’s name and address as per past before migration. Then salman said about his perspective of “ My India “. He said that, my India may only have been one to which I was, let us say, willing to admit I belonged. Rushdie found himself in his past during that time- clothes of people ,old film songs like :

“ Mera joota hai JapaniYe patloon InglistaniSir pe lal topi RusiPhir bhi dil hai Hindustani………

After giving an example of India, some point about “ In Midnight’s children” , Rushdie said that-

“ The illusion itself is reality “

The movement towards the cinema screen is a metaphorfor the narrative’s movement through time towards the present, and the book itself, as it nears contemporary events, quite deliberately loses deep perspective, becomes more “ Partial”.This essay ends with the last point of question about Indian and Indian Writers. Rushdie asked that –What does it mean to be “ Indian “ outside India ?He said a little about the relationship between the Indian writer and the majority of white culture in whose with he lives. Rushdie also said that-“ The struggle of man against power”- After giving an example of Mrs. Gandhi in a BBC interviews. He said tha literature can, and must give the lie to official facts.Rushdie also said that literature is itself validating. Literature is not a business of copyrighting , it is imaginary work which can change world from one author’s  mind and real risks. There are many struggles in life but one author should take risk to prove his work in society.

COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE DOES NOT EXIT:-

In the second essay “ Commonwealth Literature Does Not Exit “ there is a matter of English studies are taken to include commonwealth literature. Rushdie also gave many examples of an importance and an ignorance of commonwealth literature.Commonwealth literature appears, it is that body of writing created. Now days commonwealth literature was sounding very unlikeable indeed. Not only was it a ghetto ,but it was actually an exclusive ghetto. Rushdie says that as now days commonwealth literature has a lack of interest by people, on another side English is by now the world language. It achieved this status partly as a result of the physical colonization of a quarter of the globe by the British.But in India English is not so important language even in schools, collages. The children of independent India seem not to think of English as a part of their communication in routine life style. They use their Indian languages as one of the tools they have to hand.Rushdie here says that critically , In India specially the capital , Delhi is located “ Hindi “ as a future national language but in South India which is at present suffering from the attempts of central government to impose this national language on it, the resentment of Hindi is far greater than English in India.Rushdie says that English is very important for every field and also in communication.  

 example 

Jyoti Basu said that “ My son won’t learn English so that we will send him abroad to learn English”. Why Indians have to send their children to abroad to learn English , why it’s not happen in India ?
Literature is an expression of nationality , Rushdie asked whether he is British or Indian ? The formulation Indian born British writer.

 THE NEW EMPIRE WITHIN BRITAIN :-

“ The New Empire Within Britain “ , this essay based on “ Power of British empire” on black people. Here Salman Rushdie shows his different experiences of white and black in Britain. He also gives information about real roots of Britain.He says that “ Britain isn’t Nazi Germany. The British Empire isn’t the Third Reich, but in Germany after the fall of Hitler heroic attempts were made by many people to purity German thought and the German language of the pollution of Nazism. The Britain is under going a critical pose of its past colonial period, and this crisis is not simply economics or political. It is a crisis of the whole culture , of the society’s entire sense of itself.Second thing is happens in there is the numbers of “ Immigration “. The main fact of white immigration as well as black , that the annual number of emigrants leaving these shores is now larger than the numbers of immigrates coming in and of the black communities over 40 percent are not immigrants but black Britons born and bred, speaking in the many voices and accents of Britain , and with no homeland but this one.Now Salman Rushdie widely describes the characteristics of “ New Empire “-In the streets of the New Empire, black women are abused and black children are beaten up their way home from school. In the running down housing estates of the New Empire, black communities have their windows broken and their are afraid to go outside after dark. Human and animal arrives from letter boxes. Even the police offer threats instead of protection and the court offer small hope of redress.Britain is divided by the color of person’s skin , white and black. Britain can judge the people as per their color of skin and it’s getting wider. But in the past for nine centuries any child born on British soil was British.

 HOBSON – JOBSON :

Hobson –Jobson is the short title of Hobson –Jobson : A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases and of kindred terms , etymological , a historical ,geographical dictionary of Anglo – Indian words and terms from Indian languages which came into use during the British rule of India.Hobson – Jobson is written by Henry Yule and Arthur C. Burnell . It published in 1886.

Examples :-

'chapati'  as 'chowpatty'

the Indian plant 'kawanch' became 'cowage';

the fish 'kapap' became 'cock-up';

'basi khana,' stale food or yesterday's dinner

warmed up, became 'brass-knocker';

 'bringal'--aubergine--became 'brown jolly' a

 'cholera morbus' in Anglo-Indian became 'Corporal Forbes.'

Hobson Jobson takes new words that English captured in India. An alphabetical sampling could read :

'amok,' 'ashram,' 'avatar,' 'bandanna,' 'bangle,' 'caddy,' 'calico,' 'candy,' 'cashmere,' 'cheetah,' 'coolie,' 'cowrie,' 'cushy,' 'dinghy,' 'doolally,' 'guru,' 'Himalayan,' 'juggernaut,' 'jungle,' 'karma,' 'khaki,' 'lilac,' 'mantra,' 'mongoose,' 'panda,' 'pariah,' 'purdah,' 'rattan,' 'sacred cow,' 'seersucker,' 'Sherpa,' 'Tantra,' 'thug,' 'yoga.'"

 ATTENBOROUGH’S GANDHI :-

Last essay of Salman Rushdie focuses on the view of “Attenborough’s Gandhi “- a film based on biography of Mahatma Karamchand Gandhi. This is the best film of 1983 in film industry.Salman Rushdie says God help the film industry after making this type of film. He critically shows his ideas on that film. He says that , why film is about only Gandhi ? why no Subhas Bose?Why no Tagore ? In the film there are many scenes of violence happened before 1947.In this essay Salman Rushdie says about the scene of Amritsar Massacre and the scene of killing Gandhi by Nathuram. He also says another fact of Gandhi’s “ Brahmacharya “.Nehru was not Gandhi’s disciple. They were equals and they argued fiercely in a matter of freedom movement. After all the things the form of the film, opulent, lavish , overpowers and finally crushes the man at its centre.

CONCLUSION :-

His way Salman Rushdie gives his critical ideas on different subject. From these subjects he has shown some facts of India, Britain and Gandhi also. He shows his power of critical analysis throughout  “ Imaginary Homelands “.

Thank You :----   

Mourning Becomes Electra

Name :- Zala Krutikadevi. D

Paper :- 10 ( The American Literature )

Sem :- 3

Roll no:- 15

Topic :-  Critical analysis on " Mourning Becomes Electra "

Submitted to :- Smt. S.B. Gardi

                       Department of English

                       M.K. Bhavnagar University.

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was born in a New York city hotel room. He was one of the most admired playwrights of all time. He was the son of Mary Ellen “Ella” and James O'Neill. His father was a stage actor. His mother developed an addiction to morphine. Ella was also still grieving for Eugene’s older brother, Edmund, who had died of the measles three years earlier. O'Neill spent much of his time on the road with his father. Then he was sent away to boarding school, he spent years at St.Aloysius Catholic upbringing. His heart wasn't in his studies.In 1960 O'Neill studies in Princeton university, after leaving Princeton, O'Neill floundered for a time. O'Neill married to Kathleen Jenkins. He is finding inspirations from such European dramatists s August Strindberg and later enrolling in a writing class at Harvard university.O'Neill had his first play produced in Province town, Massachusetts, in 1916 : Bound East for Cardiff, a one act play that was staged in New York later that year. O'Neill took the theatrical world by storms  in 1920 with Beyond the Horizon, in which he won Pulitzer prize. He again married with Agnes.Eugene O'Neill died of bronchial Pneumonia on Nov. 27, 1953 at the age of 65, in Boston.

Masterpieces of O'Neill :-

Long day’s journey into night (1957)

Beyond the horizon (1920)   

                                                       
Strange Interlude (1928)

The iceman cometh (1946)

Mourning Becomes Electra (1922)

Desire under the Elms (1924)

 INTRODUCTION OF THE NOVEL :

Mourning Becomes Electra based on the use of the Greek Myths as a narrative base, their New England scene, the intense psychological focus of the subject matter and also with their historical perspectives.It is considered O’Neill’s most famous work. As a ambitious play it is based on Greek tragic Myth Oresteia to 19^th cen. New England. As a play cycle it ran for 150 performances before closing in March 1932. The story of this play is a kind of retelling of the Oresteia by Aeschylus is a trilogy. Here in Mourning Becomes Electra all characters ,most of parallel characters from the ancient Greek play.Mourning Becomes Electra comes as a Modern Tragedy, the play features murder, adultery, incestuous love and revenge , weak relationship of family members. We can see different minds of people , their secrets, hubris, fate and honor. The characters of this play reflected as a unsuccessful strugglers of an individual to escape a tragic fate and the dark nature of human existence. It is considered with Freud’s circle of Human mind/nature-psychological theory as well. Specially there are complexes of the characters of Oedipus and Electra.Mourning Becomes Electra is divided into three plays with different themes.

TITLE OF THE NOVEL :

As per the title :” Mourning Becomes Electra”  Mourning means :The expression of sorrow for someone’s death,Grief , lament , lamentationBlack clothes worn as an expression of sorrow when someone dies.“Electra” means :Sparkling , the fairy sun“Becomes “ in the sense of “befits” Electra to mourn- it is her fate Mourning (Black) (sorrow) is becoming to her, it is the only color that becomes her destiny.

 CHARACTERS :

1.       Lavinia Mannon :- Daughter of Mannon
2.       Christine Mannon :- Wife of Ezra Mannon
3.       Orin Mannon :- Son of Mannon
4.       Brigadier General Ezra Mannon :- Father of lavinia                and Orin
5.       Captain Adam Brant :- Lover of Christine
6.       Hazel Niles :- Friend of Mannon
7.       Captain Peter Niles :- brother of Hazel
8.       Seth backwith :- Aged gardener of Mannon PLOT :-

Mourning Becomes Electra is divided into three plays :

HOMECOMING :

Act I :-

The starting part of the spring season, when the master of house Ezra Mannon is coming from war. Another side Lavinia has just returned from a trip. She suddenly knows about affair of Captain Brant and her mother, Christine. Other side her friend Peter is proposing her for marriage again.

Act II :-

In that part , Lavinia appears her mother for adultery and reveals that she followed her mother to New York and saw her kissing to Adam Brant. At that time her mother says that she always loves her son, Orin and Lavinia has always schemed to steal her place. Later Christine proposes to Adam Brant that they will give poison to Ezra and attribute his death to his heart trouble.

Act III :-

Ezra and Christine are alone and she assures him that he has nothing to suspect with regards to Brant. And finally they kissed.

Act IV :-

It is a scene of Ezra’s bedroom. Christine awaits for Ezra’s death and also her freedom. Mannon rises in fury, threatening her murder and then falls beck in agony, his heart clutching and he begging for medicine. Christine gives a poison instead of medicine. After that Ezra realizes her trick and calls Lavinia for help but suddenly he dies. Christine collapses in a faith, Lavinia falls to her knees in anguish.

THE HUNTED :

Second play is divided into five parts.

Act I :-

In that part Peter, Lavinia and Orin are talking about Christine’s lies. Orin disappointedly complains of his mother’s absence. Lavinia warns him and at that time Christine comes and both mother and son embrace jubilantly.

Act II :-

In that part Orin asks his mother about Brant and then he recounts his wonderful dreams about South Sea Islands.

Act III :-

Here, Lavinia convinces Orin about their mother’s treachery and Orin finally agrees to watch the behavior of Christine and Brant.

Act IV :-

After Ezra’s funeral, Lavinia and Orin follow their mother, Christine who goes to meet Brant in East Boston. Orin and Lavinia listen whole conversation of them. Finally in a hurry Orin shoots Brant and make it seem that Brant has been robbed.

Act V:-

Orin and Lavinia come and they revealing that they killed Brant , Christine collapses. After that Christine leaves them and suddenly a shot is heard from Ezra’s study.

THE HAUNTED :-

The Haunted is divided in four parts but Act I is divided in two scenes.

Act I :-

Scene 1. :-

  One year later, Orin and lavinia return from their East trip. Lavinia resembles her mother perfectly and Orin has grown like his father.

Scene 2. :-

 Lavinia looks like Christine and Peter thinks that it is ghost of Christine. Lavinia approaches him eagerly. Orin jealously mocks her warmth towards Peter.

Act II :-

Orin is working at a manuscript in a great work, the Mannon study, he has written a history of the family crimes as a last Mannon.

Act III :-

Hazel and peter arrives at Orin’s home and as Orin sees hazel alone, he gives her an envelope and warning her to keep it secret from Lavinia. She should open it if :1 Something happens to him or2 Lavinia tries to marry PeterFinally Orin commits suicide in room.

Act IV :-

At the last part of the play after three days Lavinia appears dressed in deep mourning. Finally hazel knows that Lavinia does not marry with Peter. Bitterness in his voice, Lavinia desperately flings herself into his arms crying :“ Take me , Adam!!! “Now she is alone , no Mannon is left there to punish her. She must leave happiness and lives alone in the old house with the ghosts of her ancestors. She throws out the flowers and enters in the dark house alone and shuts the door.

 CRITICAL NOTE :-

1         In the first  part “ Homecoming” is not actually home coming in a real sense, but going far away from home. General Ezra is coming home after ten years. He is lucky one who saved his life from war and now coming at home but he killed by his own wife Christine. Now his family members become a weapon for Ezra. So we can’t say that Homecoming but it is “ Far away from home”

2         Another matter is about Ezra’s murder. Why Christine killed him ? If only because of her affair ?So she can easily marry with Brant when Ezra was in war. But she waits for Ezra and made a plan to kill him. The idea of killing scene with poison is not much clear.

3         We can say that there is a triangle relationship among Lavinia, Christine and Brant. Lavinia wants to marry with Brant. Brant had affair with Christine and Peter wants to marry with Lavinia.

4         Lavinia wants to be like her mother and takes same place as Christine has in Mannon family and in society also. She always crushes on Brant but she rejects Peter two times. Here we can’t say Lavinia’s true love for Brant. She loves him because her mother loves him. She always dislikes her mother.

5          Christine’s character is very impulsive rather than Lavinia. Christine makes a plan to kill her husband and she succeed in that plan. But the main question is that , really she gives a poison to him in place of medicine ???

6         In this play three women characters are mainly performed. Christine , Lavinia and Hazel The play starts from the role of Lavinia and Christine and ends with loneliness of Lavinia in the old house. Hazel’s role is also noticeable because of Orin’s secret letter. So we can say that in this play “ Women are in the centre “.

7         “ Male characters are marginalized” in this play. No male character is able to play role till the end of the play. First Ezra killed by Christine. Orin committed suicide than at last Peter also rejected by Lavinia. Peter couldn’t save his relationship with Lavinia. Men are failed in that play.

8         Mourning Becomes Electra is a modern play, shows moderns of Mannon family. Mannon family is very rich and fashionable also. Mannon ladies have no privacy in their life , they can go away where they want.

Thank you....